![]() ![]() It is a blind spot (or an optical disc) and a macula ( yellow spot). We can observe the two most distinctive points on an eye’s retina-see Fig. Cones are used to detect colours and are divided into three types depending on which base colour they are sensitive to (red, green, blue), but these are less sensitive to light intensity. Rods are used to detect light and are capable of responding to the impact of one to two photons by providing black-and-white vision. This would compare the eye to a 157-megapixel camera. The entire surface of the retina contains about 7 million cones and 75–150 million rods. For adults, the retina covers approximately 72% of the inner eye. These are divided into two main types: cones and rods. The only neurons that react directly to light are photoreceptors. It is responsible for sensing the light rays that hit it through the pupil, and a lens that turns and inverts the image. It is a light-sensitive layer of cells located in the back of the eye with a thickness of 0.2–0.4 mm. This is the only part of the CNS that can be observed noninvasively. The retina is considered to be a part of the Central Nervous System (CNS). In the field of biometrics (recognising an individual based on the unique biometric characteristics of the human body), the unique properties of the eye are not subject to change in time, and they are also so unique that it is possible to unequivocally identify two distinct individuals apart from each other in order to verify the identity of that person. Ophthalmology is a medical discipline aimed at analysing and treating the health of the eye and its associated areas. There are two scientific disciplines that deal with eye characteristics-those are ophthalmology and biometrics. The optic nerve carries many nerve fibres that enter the central nervous system. The retina is the inner part containing cells sensitive to light. The sclera is a white visible layer covering the entire eyeball, which passes into the cornea in the front. The pupil is an opening in the middle of the iris, regulating the amount of light coming into the eye. The iris has the shape of an annulus it is a circularly arranged musculature that narrows/enlarges the pupil. It is a transparent connective tissue that, along with the lens, allows the light to break into the eye. The cornea is located at the front of the eye. The iris and retina patterns are unique to every individual (this also applies to monozygotic twins) and the structure is as follows (see Fig. The iris and the retina as elements inside the eye are very well protected against damage. Recognition based on these two biometric characteristics is a relatively new method and little effort has been invested by industries. The first is the iris and the second is the retina, which is located at the backside of the eyeball and not observable by the naked eye. ![]() There are two core parts in our eyes that even show high biometric entropy. Just like several other biometric characteristics, our eyes are completely unique and, thus, can be used for biometric purposes. ![]()
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